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Kanmanee Sukkasem, Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Arunporn Itharat, Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Krittiya Thisayakorn, Expert Center of Innovative Herbal Products (InnoHerb), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Technopolis, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Sumalee Panthong, Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Sunita Makchuchit, Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Janjira Inprasit, Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Nuntika Prommee, Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Wicheian Khoenok, Expert Center of Innovative Herbal Products (InnoHerb), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Technopolis, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Kanjana Sriyam, Expert Center of Innovative Herbal Products (InnoHerb), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Technopolis, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Darunee Pahusee, Expert Center of Innovative Herbal Products (InnoHerb), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Technopolis, Pathum Thani, Thailand

Keywords

Kheaw-Hom remedy, Anti-inflammatory activity, Carrageenan-induced paw edema, In vitro, In vivo

Abstract

Introduction: Kheaw-Hom (KH) remedy has been widely used to treat inflammation and fever in children with measles and chickenpox. However, its anti-inflammatory activity, both in vitro and in vivo, has not been scientifically tested.

Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of KH remedy.

Methods: The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract (KHA) and ethanolic extract (KHE) were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of KHE and KH powder (KHP) was determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the PGE2 production in tissue samples was examined using ELISA kit.

Results: KHE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities through the suppression of PGE2 , NO, and TNF-α production with IC50 values of 19.69 ± 2.09, 39.93 ± 3.28, and 85.07 ± 2.61 μg/ mL, respectively, while KHA did not. Interestingly, KHP orally administered at the dose of 100 mg/kg significantly reduced rat paw edema at 1, 2, and 3 hours (37.25%, 25.00%, and 27.09%, respectively) while KHE at the dose of 100 mg/kg noticeably reduced at 2 and 3 hours (21.67% and 19.49%) after carrageenan injection. KHP at the dose of 100 mg/kg showed maximum inhibition of PGE2 production with the PGE2 levels of 15.46 ± 1.33 ng/mL.

Conclusions: The findings from in vivo study strongly parallel the results of the in vitro study and support the traditional use of KH as a potent anti-inflammatory and antipyretic remedy.

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